Inflammation has been an important tool for the evolution and survival of living organisms, including humans. Inflammation comprises a series of cellular and biochemical responses to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. 

During the natural process of aging, we experience a certain amount of oxidative damage, accumulation of senescent cells, increased fat tissue, a decline in sex hormones, and reduced immune regulation. Any dysregulation of the inflammatory processes represents a compromised ability to combat infections, autoimmunity, poor immunologic memory, and re-emergence of latent infections (i.e. shingles, Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, etc). The term inflammaging recognizes the immune implications of getting older: becoming frailer to stressors over time. Inflammaging manifests itself as chronic, low-grade inflammation that occurs during aging. Persistent viral and bacterial infections, cell debris, misplaced and misfolded molecules that accumulate during a lifetime are thought to contribute to the inflammaging manifestations, such as the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules by the immune system and adipose tissue.

However, science has shown us that we can slow the aging process, reduce inflammaging effects and improve our quality of life.

  • Activate yourself!

Exercise has been associated with anti-inflammaging effects, which explains reports of lower levels of pro-inflammatory molecules in adults that have an exercise regime. 

Fat mass increases with age, which has been associated with low-grade chronic inflammation. Exercising muscles secrete anti-inflammatory molecule IL-10, which provides a counter to inflammaging[2]. It has been reported that physical activity performed 1-6 times per week has reported improved mobility and function of immune cells[3].

  • Take control of your diet.

Studies have reported the association between reduced expression of pro-inflammatory markers and diets designed to be low in saturated and high on monounsaturated fats, such as the Mediterranean diet comprised mainly of olive oil, legumes, and fiber-rich foods.

Chronic nutrient excess, particularly a high-fat diet, has shown to increase systemic inflammation, which over time activated immune cells promoting inflammation in many metabolic systems, such as fat cells and liver cells[4].

Our biological mates, bacteria, have also been shown to modulate inflammation. Aging is associated with a reduction in Bifidobacteria (beneficial bacteria, probiotic) [5]. A study published in 2009 showed that probiotic supplementation for 13 weeks improved the immune response in persons over 70 years old[6].

Vitamin D supplementation has been reported to boost the immune response to acute infections in age-associated inflammatory disorders[7]. Also, zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce infection incidence in older adults and has many effects indicative of reversal of immunosenescence[8].

  • Stem cell therapy.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) are key modulators of inflammaging because of their stemness, safety, and fantastic immunomodulatory properties[9,10]. MSC possess immuno-privileged properties, thereby they are considered safe for both autologous and allogeneic use. MSC secrete not only anti-inflammatory molecules but also encapsulated vesicles of nucleic acids and proteins called exosomes, which exert a therapeutic effect[11].

Human MSC benefits from a single infusion can persist for months and multiple dosing can be well tolerated helping to sustained beneficial health effects.

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References:

This article was written and researched by Rehealth’s MSc Susana Hernández Reyes.*********

  1. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Cellular and molecular immunology, 9e. Elsevier, 2017.
  2. Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Keller C, Moller K, Pedersen BK. IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL10, and cortisol in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003. 285:433-7.
  3. Chrysohoou C, Paagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Das UN, Stefanadis C. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet attenuates inflammation and coagulation process in health adults: the ATTICA Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004. 44:152-8. 
  4. Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Vitale G, Capri M, Salvioli S. Inflammaging and “Garb-aging”. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2017. 28:199-212.
  5. Pae M, Meydani SN, Wu D. The role of nutrition in enhancing immunity in aging. Aging Dis. 2012. 3: 91-129.
  6. Boge T, Remigy M Vaudaine S, Tanguy J, Bourdet-Sicard R, van der Werf S. A probiotic fermented dairy drink improves antibody response to influenza vaccination int he elderly in two randomized controlled tirals. Vaccine. 2009. 27:5677-84.
  7. Yin K, Agrawal DK. Vitamin D and inflammatory diseases. J Inflamm Res. 2014. 29:69.87.
  8. Prasad AS. Effects of zinc deficiency on Th1 and Th2 cytokine shifts. J Infect Dis. 2000. 18:62-8.
  9. Le BC, Yu KR. Impact of mesenchymal stem cell senescence on inflammaging. BMB Rep. 2020. 53(2):65-73.
  10. Glenn JD, Whartenby KA. Mesenchymal stem cells: emerging mechanisms of immunomodulation and therapy. World J Stem Cells. 2014. 6(5):526-39.
  11. Klyushnenkova E, Mosca JD, Zernetkina V, et al. T cell responses to allogeneic human mesenchymal stem cells: immunogenicity, tolerance, and suppression. J Biomed Sci. 2005. 12(1):47–57.

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